portrayal of Jesus’ mission. This has not been the case, however, largely because most interpreters today explain the distinctive elements of John’s presentation by appealing to some version of a theory first proposed in the late second century by the theologian Clement of Alexandria. Clement thought that John, “knowing that the bodily things (ta sōmatika) had been manifested in the [other] Gospels … and being moved by God’s Spirit, produced a spiritual Gospel (pneumatikon euangelion; Eusebius, History